#!/usr/bin/env python3 """Generate the claim tables on docs/optimized-debate/index.html from one data set. The book's "An optimized approach to the shape debate" (pp. 208-231; also the standalone PDF at shapedebate.com/social-proof) sets three Team A claims against 103 numbered Team B claims. This script holds every item once -- number, a short paraphrase, the group it is sorted into here, the page on this site that answers it (if one does), the verdict that page reached, one line on what a reader can check, and a reference with enough detail to act on -- and writes the tables between the markers on the page. Edit the data here, re-run, and the page and the tests (tests/test_optimized_map.py) follow. python3 build_optimized_map.py -> rewrites the page tables in place python3 build_optimized_map.py --check -> prints the group counts and exits """ import os import re import sys ROOT = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))) PAGE = os.path.join(ROOT, "docs", "optimized-debate", "index.html") SITE = "https://funwithscience.net/globe-deconstruction/" # Groups, in page order. key -> (heading, one-line description) GROUPS = { "earth": ("Earth: shape, curvature and gravity", "The items that are about the thing the debate is named for."), "helio": ("Heliocentrism: the Sun, the Moon, the orbits and the spin", "Items about the arrangement of the solar system. Most are checkable with a clock, a small telescope or a tide table."), "bodies": ("Other bodies: planets, asteroids and Pluto", "Planetary science. None of it bears on the shape of the Earth, and most of it needs a spacecraft or a large telescope to check."), "cosmos": ("The galaxy and the cosmos", "Galactic dynamics, dark matter, dark energy, black holes. Real science, all of it outside anything a shape debate can settle, and outside anything this review assesses."), "space": ("The space programme: Apollo, the ISS, the probes", "The class the landing page declares untouched: whether space-agency material is authentic turns on the good faith of named people, not on a measurement. Three items are the exception, because the station itself can be watched from a garden."), } # Chip classes match the landing page: refuted / standard / mislead / notdemo / unassessed PAGES = { "bottom-up-observations": ("Bottom Up Observations", "standard", "Standard physics"), "flat-surface-test": ("Flat-Surface Test", "standard", "Standard physics"), "long-path-cases": ("Chicago & Pontchartrain", "refuted", "Refuted"), "rampion": ("The Black Swan (Rampion)", "refuted", "Refuted"), "balloon-curve": ("The Curve at 118,000 Feet", "refuted", "Refuted"), "rockets-in-vacuum": ("Rockets Don't Push Against Air", "refuted", "Refuted"), "thrust-in-flight": ("Thrust, Measured in Flight", "refuted", "Refuted"), "action-lab-footage": ("Action Lab Footage", "refuted", "Refuted"), "full-moon-lighting": ("Full-Moon Lighting", "standard", "Standard physics"), "moon-tilt": ("The Moon-Tilt Illusion", "refuted", "Refuted"), "jupiter-shadows": ("Jupiter's Shadows", "refuted", "Refuted"), "eclipse-trajectory": ("The Eclipse Trajectory", "refuted", "Refuted"), "selenelion": ("The Selenelion", "standard", "Standard physics"), "luminaries": ("Where's the Moon's Silhouette?", "standard", "Standard physics"), "celestial-globes": ("Celestial Globes Exposed", "refuted", "Refuted"), "sunlight-and-shadows": ("Sunlight & Shadows", "refuted", "Refuted"), "sun-does-not-shrink": ("The Sun Does Not Shrink", "refuted", "Refuted"), "planetary-imaging": ("Stacked & Sharpened", "notdemo", "Not demonstrated"), "moon-sphericity": ("Is the Moon a Ball?", None, None), "eight-planets": ("The Eight-Planet Photograph", "notdemo", "Not demonstrated"), "hydrostatics": ("Hydrostatics", "refuted", "Refuted"), "sky-rate-and-shadows": ("The Sky Turns at One Rate", "standard", "Standard physics"), "earth-rotation": ("Does the Earth Spin?", "refuted", "Refuted"), "coriolis-drifters": ("Coriolis Drifters", None, None), "extraordinary-evidence": ("Extraordinary Evidence", "none", "Draft"), "self-test-protocol": ("Self-Test Protocol", None, None), } # Team A. (label, claim paraphrase, pages, verdict chip text, verdict class, note) TEAM_A = [ ("Claim #1", "Objects can disappear completely across a flat surface with nothing in the way; long-distance visual limits are under-studied.", ["bottom-up-observations", "flat-surface-test", "long-path-cases", "rampion"], "Standard physics", "standard", "Granted as stated: over 540 ft a globe hides nothing and something did vanish, by perspective and resolution. The book’s own long-path photographs are the cases where those limits are exceeded, and each is measured on its page."), ("Claim #2", "Gas propulsion needs something to push off; in a vacuum there is nothing, so mainstream physics is wrong about rockets.", ["rockets-in-vacuum", "thrust-in-flight", "action-lab-footage", "balloon-curve"], "Refuted", "refuted", "Engines have been measured firing in vacuum several unrelated ways; the Action Lab footage he cites is read frame by frame and does not show what the chapter says it shows; and the sounding-rocket video he links at p. 237 burns its second stage from 4 km to 43 km, through air thinning to a five-hundredth of sea level, to the speed its 253-km arc needs."), ("Claim #3", "Four celestial red flags: uniform full-moon lighting, the moon-tilt illusion, Jupiter’s moon shadows, the eclipse trajectory. Together they say the Sun is not the illuminator.", ["full-moon-lighting", "moon-tilt", "jupiter-shadows", "eclipse-trajectory", "selenelion", "luminaries", "self-test-protocol"], "Refuted", "refuted", "Run as a cumulative case, and all four limbs are answered: two are real observations the standard model already predicts, two are measured and found not to be there."), ("The Rampion observation", "The Black Swan video: turbine bases and ships visible at 8–21 miles from Worthing Beach, presented as impossible on a globe.", ["rampion"], "Refuted", "refuted", "The video’s own six-turbine slide, measured, records k ≈ 0.7 with about 2 m of the near base and 5 m of the far one below the sea; the bases do not meet the water, and a flat plane would need air past its overturning limit."), ("The debate card, p. 232", "Is extraordinary evidence provided that objects cannot disappear bottom-up, that gas-propelled vehicles work in a vacuum, and that Jupiter’s black circles are shadows?", ["bottom-up-observations", "flat-surface-test", "rockets-in-vacuum", "thrust-in-flight", "jupiter-shadows"], "Answered", "standard", "Three questions, three pages. The first is granted as standard physics — objects can vanish bottom-up over flat water, and his own pond run shows it; the second and third are measured: thrust in flight where the pressure is zero, and shadow-transit timings met from back gardens."), ("The Antarctica 360° Sun", "If the midnight-sun footage from the December 2024 expedition is shown fake, “the game will be over.”", [], "Not assessed", "none", "Whether that footage is authentic is one of the two things the landing page declares this review does not touch: it turns on the good faith of named people, not on a measurement a reader can repeat."), ] # Team B. (n, paraphrase, group, pages, check, ref) # check: one line on what evidence exists and whether a reader can test it. ref: a source with detail, or None. B = [ (1, "Team A is wrong about objects disappearing on flat surfaces and about gas propulsion in a vacuum; “we are still waiting for Team B to conduct these experiments properly.”", "earth", ["flat-surface-test", "long-path-cases", "rockets-in-vacuum", "thrust-in-flight"], "The two experiments have been done, on this site and elsewhere: his own 540-ft pond run is granted and rescaled, the long-path cases are measured with the day’s weather attached, and vacuum thrust is measured in flight.", "Self-Test Protocol on this site gives the rescaled pond run and a vacuum-thrust run a reader can perform."), (3, "Earth’s curvature hides 32.7 ft at 10 miles and 1,473 ft at 50 miles for a 6-ft observer.", "earth", ["long-path-cases", "bottom-up-observations"], "Both figures are correct for an airless globe (re-derived here: 32.7 and 1,473 ft). They are the starting point, not the prediction; the prediction is geometry plus the day’s refraction, which the Reverse Refraction Solver prices on both surfaces.", "Bowditch, The American Practical Navigator (NGA), Table 12 “Distance of the Horizon” and Table 13 “Geographic Range”, which fold standard refraction into exactly these numbers; and the Reverse Refraction Solver."), (12, "Planets are spheres with specific radii.", "earth", ["planetary-imaging", "moon-sphericity"], "Checkable with a small telescope: Jupiter’s disc is visibly flattened (about 1 part in 15), Saturn’s more so, and the phases of Venus run through a full crescent-to-gibbous cycle that only a sphere lit from one side produces.", "Jupiter’s equatorial and polar radii 71,492 and 66,854 km, NASA planetary fact sheet; Venus phase cycle in any planetarium program, and Galileo, Letters on Sunspots (1613) for the original observation."), (13, "The Sun is a sphere and its rays arrive parallel.", "earth", ["sunlight-and-shadows", "sun-does-not-shrink"], "Measured on this site: the divergence of shadows across a long baseline is 7.5 arcseconds against a signal of 25,596 for a nearby Sun, and the Sun’s angular size does not change across the day.", "Sunlight and Shadows on this site, with the shadow measurement and its working."), (14, "The Moon’s light is the Sun’s, so a full Moon should not be uniformly lit.", "earth", ["full-moon-lighting", "moon-sphericity"], "The uniform full Moon is the opposition surge of a rough, retro-reflecting surface, and it is reproducible at a desk with a lamp and a ball of the right roughness; the page gives the setup.", "Hapke, Nelson & Smythe, “The opposition effect of the Moon: the contribution of coherent backscatter,” Science 260 (1993) 509–511; the desk demonstration in Self-Test Protocol."), (45, "Gravity is what keeps the atmosphere from flying off into space.", "earth", ["hydrostatics"], "The book’s own Q2 asks this; the page answers it with the barometric formula against measured pressure, and a reader can check the 12 hPa fall per 100 m with a phone barometer and a hill.", "U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976 (NOAA/NASA/USAF), Table 1, pressure against geometric altitude."), (46, "The atmosphere is in hydrostatic equilibrium: pressure gradient against gravity.", "earth", ["hydrostatics"], "Same page. The equilibrium is not an assumption but a measurement: any radiosonde profile shows dp/dz = −ρg to within instrument error all the way up.", "University of Wyoming upper-air archive: pick any station and date; the pressure–height columns are the test."), (48, "Gravity maintains the tropopause as a lid that keeps water vapour low.", "earth", ["hydrostatics"], "Partly right as stated: the tropopause is a temperature structure (a lapse-rate minimum) that gravity and radiation set together, not a lid gravity holds down. Checkable from the same soundings, where the temperature turns over near 10–16 km.", "WMO definition of the tropopause (lapse rate falling below 2 K/km); any Wyoming sounding shows it."), (2, "Planet rotation speeds at the equator and distances from the Sun, tabulated.", "helio", ["eight-planets", "sky-rate-and-shadows"], "The rotations are checkable: Jupiter’s Great Red Spot transits every 9 h 56 min in a 100-mm telescope; the Sun’s spots cross the disc in about two weeks. The distances follow from Kepler’s third law once one baseline is measured (radar to Venus, since 1961).", "ALPO Jupiter Section transit timings; Kepler’s third law with the astronomical unit from Venus radar ranging, Muhleman, “Radar results as constraints on the models of Venus,” Astronomical Journal 67 (1962) 277."), (10, "The Sun holds 99.86 % of the solar system’s mass and its gravity binds the planets.", "helio", [], "The mass ratio is a consequence of the orbital periods and distances (Kepler’s third law gives the Sun’s mass from any planet’s orbit); Jupiter’s moons give Jupiter’s mass the same way, in a backyard telescope, over a fortnight.", "Timing Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto with a small telescope reproduces GM for Jupiter to a few per cent: see the “Jupiter’s moons” lab in Hoff, Kelsey & Neff, Activities in Astronomy, or the CLEA “Revolution of the Moons of Jupiter” exercise."), (11, "Solar eclipses are the Moon’s shadow; lunar eclipses are the Earth’s.", "helio", ["selenelion", "eclipse-trajectory", "luminaries"], "Checkable at the next lunar eclipse: the edge of the shadow on the Moon is always an arc of a circle about 2.7 times the Moon’s diameter, whatever the Moon’s altitude, which only a sphere casts. The eclipse pages on this site measure the geometry of two recent events.", "Espenak & Meeus, Five Millennium Canon of Lunar Eclipses (NASA TP-2009-214172), umbral radius and the geometry behind it."), (15, "Stars are made of the same stuff as the Sun, just far away.", "helio", [], "Checkable with a diffraction grating on a small telescope: the hydrogen Balmer lines and the sodium and calcium lines that Fraunhofer mapped in sunlight appear in the spectra of bright stars at the same wavelengths.", "Star Analyser 100 grating (Paton Hawksley) on any DSLR or small scope; Kaler, Stars and Their Spectra (CUP, 2nd ed. 2011), ch. 3–4 for the lines to look for."), (16, "Jupiter shields the inner planets from comets and asteroids.", "helio", [], "Contested in the literature itself: the simulations show Jupiter removes some impactors and delivers others, and the net effect depends on the population assumed. Not checkable from the ground, and not a shape claim.", "Horner & Jones, “Jupiter – friend or foe? I,” International Journal of Astrobiology 7 (2008) 251, and parts II–IV through 2012."), (18, "Gravity weakens with distance; the difference across a body makes tides. Io is volcanic for that reason.", "helio", [], "The Earth half is checkable with a tide table and a calendar: spring tides fall at new and full Moon, neap tides at the quarters, month after month. Io’s volcanism is spacecraft evidence (Voyager 1, 1979).", "NOAA Tides & Currents or UKHO EasyTide for any port, read against the lunar phase; Morabito et al., “Discovery of currently active extraterrestrial volcanism,” Science 204 (1979) 972."), (19, "Gravity propagates at the speed of light.", "helio", [], "Instrument-only evidence, and strong: the gravitational wave GW170817 and the gamma-ray burst from the same merger arrived 1.7 s apart after 130 million years in transit.", "Abbott et al., “Gravitational waves and gamma-rays from a binary neutron star merger,” ApJ Letters 848 (2017) L13."), (20, "Lagrange points exist and are used to park the James Webb telescope.", "helio", [], "Not a cancellation: the two bodies’ gravity together supplies exactly the centripetal acceleration a small object needs to orbit with their period, so it keeps station with them; “balances the centrifugal force” is the same fact stated in the rotating frame. JWST at L2 has been imaged by amateurs at about magnitude 17 at the position JPL Horizons predicts.", "JPL Horizons ephemeris for “JWST” (body id −170); Szebehely, Theory of Orbits (1967) for the points themselves."), (30, "The Moon is tidally locked: one rotation per orbit, so we see one face.", "helio", ["moon-sphericity"], "Checkable by eye over a month: the same maria face us throughout, and the slow rocking at the limb (libration) exposes 59 % of the surface over time, which a locked sphere on an eccentric, inclined orbit predicts to the degree.", "Meeus, Astronomical Algorithms (2nd ed. 1998), ch. 53, optical libration, or the daily libration figures on NASA SVS Moon Phase and Libration; compare the predicted libration in longitude and latitude with the position of Mare Crisium near the limb on successive nights."), (31, "Both sides of the Moon get sunlight; the far side has day and night too.", "helio", ["moon-sphericity", "full-moon-lighting"], "The near side is seen to run through a full day–night cycle every lunation; the far side’s cycle is inferred from the same geometry and confirmed only by spacecraft imagery.", "LRO Wide Angle Camera global mosaic, Speyerer et al., “Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera global morphological map of the Moon,” LPSC 42 (2011) 2387."), (32, "The Moon has moonquakes from tidal stress and cooling.", "helio", [], "Instrument-only: the Apollo seismometers ran from 1969 to 1977. Not a shape claim.", "Nakamura, Latham & Dorman, “Apollo lunar seismic experiment – final summary,” JGR 87 (1982) A117."), (33, "Lunar surface temperatures swing from 127 °C to −173 °C.", "helio", [], "Instrument-only: the numbers are the Diviner radiometer’s. Not a shape claim.", "Williams et al., “The global surface temperatures of the Moon as measured by the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment,” Icarus 283 (2017) 300."), (34, "The Moon’s gravity raises ocean tides and flexes the crust by centimetres.", "helio", [], "The ocean half is the same tide-table check as #18. The solid-Earth tide is measured by GNSS and gravimeters, not by eye.", "Agnew, “Earth tides,” in Treatise on Geophysics vol. 3 (Elsevier, 2nd ed. 2015)."), (35, "The Moon stabilises Earth’s axial tilt at about 23.5°.", "helio", [], "A model result, not an observation; the chaotic-obliquity paper it comes from is the reference. Not checkable, not a shape claim.", "Laskar, Joutel & Robutel, “Stabilization of the Earth’s obliquity by the Moon,” Nature 361 (1993) 615."), (37, "The Sun is an average G-type main-sequence star, about 4.6 billion years old.", "helio", [], "The classification is spectroscopy (see #15); the age comes from meteorite radiometric dating. Not a shape claim.", "Bouvier & Wadhwa, “The age of the Solar System redefined by the oldest Pb–Pb age of a meteoritic inclusion,” Nature Geoscience 3 (2010) 637."), (38, "The corona is far hotter than the photosphere.", "helio", [], "Instrument evidence since 1939 (coronal emission lines identified as highly ionised iron); a total eclipse shows the corona to the eye but not its temperature. Not a shape claim.", "Edlén, “Die Deutung der Emissionslinien im Spektrum der Sonnenkorona,” Zeitschrift für Astrophysik 22 (1943) 30."), (39, "The Sun is powered by fusion in its core.", "helio", [], "Instrument evidence: solar neutrinos detected at the rate fusion predicts, once neutrino oscillation is included. Not a shape claim.", "SNO Collaboration, “Direct evidence for neutrino flavor transformation from neutral-current interactions,” PRL 89 (2002) 011301."), (41, "Light takes 8 min 20 s from the Sun.", "helio", [], "Checkable over a season with a small telescope: time the eclipses of Io by Jupiter for several months and the timings drift by up to about 16½ minutes between the near and far sides of Earth’s orbit, which is the light-time across two astronomical units. Half of it is the 499 s claimed.", "Rømer’s 1676 method; predicted timings for any date are in Sky & Telescope’s Jupiter’s Moons tool and the Astronomical Almanac section on Jupiter’s satellites."), (42, "Photons take thousands of years to escape the Sun’s interior.", "helio", [], "A model result from radiative transfer; the commonly quoted range is 10,000 to 170,000 years depending on the assumptions. Not checkable, not a shape claim.", "Mitalas & Sills, “On the photon diffusion time scale for the Sun,” ApJ 401 (1992) 759."), (43, "The Sun rotates differentially: about 25 days at the equator, 36 at the poles.", "helio", [], "Checkable by projection: sketch sunspots daily for two weeks; spots near the equator cross in about 13 days, spots at high latitude take longer. This was Carrington’s measurement.", "Carrington, Observations of the Spots on the Sun (1863); the Stanford Solar Center “Sunspot rotation” activity gives a worked modern version with SOHO/SDO images."), (44, "The solar wind and the heliosphere.", "helio", [], "Instrument evidence (Mariner 2 onward); the aurora is the ground-visible consequence. Not a shape claim.", "Neugebauer & Snyder, “Solar plasma experiment,” Science 138 (1962) 1095."), (17, "Pluto’s Sputnik Planitia is convecting nitrogen ice.", "bodies", [], "New Horizons imagery and modelling. Not checkable from the ground, not a shape claim.", "McKinnon et al., “Convection in a volatile nitrogen-ice-rich layer drives Pluto’s geological vigour,” Nature 534 (2016) 82."), (49, "Asteroids are leftovers from planet formation.", "bodies", [], "Meteorite chemistry and sample return. Not a shape claim.", None), (50, "The asteroid belt is mostly empty space.", "bodies", [], "Spacecraft have crossed it without incident since Pioneer 10 (1972). Not a shape claim.", None), (51, "A 710-m asteroid spinning every 1.88 minutes must be solid rock.", "bodies", [], "A single-object result reported in 2026; the spin-barrier argument is standard. Not checkable from the ground, not a shape claim.", None), (52, "Bennu is a loosely packed rubble pile.", "bodies", [], "OSIRIS-REx touchdown data. Not a shape claim.", "Lauretta et al., “Spacecraft sample collection and subsurface excavation of asteroid (101955) Bennu,” Science 377 (2022) 285."), (53, "Some asteroids have moons and rings.", "bodies", [], "Ida–Dactyl from Galileo (1993); Chariklo’s rings from a stellar occultation, which amateurs contributed timings to. Not a shape claim.", "Braga-Ribas et al., “A ring system detected around the Centaur (10199) Chariklo,” Nature 508 (2014) 72."), (54, "Ceres is a dwarf planet and a third of the belt’s mass.", "bodies", [], "Dawn mission. Ceres itself is a binocular object at opposition. Not a shape claim.", None), (55, "Asteroids are rich in metals; Psyche will investigate.", "bodies", [], "Spectroscopic inference plus a mission in flight. Not a shape claim.", None), (56, "Carbon-rich asteroids delivered much of Earth’s water.", "bodies", [], "Isotope ratios from Ryugu and Bennu samples. An active research question, not a settled fact. Not a shape claim.", None), (57, "DART moved an asteroid; Hera will inspect the result in 2026.", "bodies", [], "The orbital-period change of Dimorphos (33 minutes) was measured from the ground by timing mutual eclipses, including by amateurs. Not a shape claim.", "Thomas et al., “Orbital period change of Dimorphos due to the DART kinetic impact,” Nature 616 (2023) 448."), (75, "Olympus Mons is the largest volcano in the solar system.", "bodies", [], "Orbital imagery and altimetry. Not a shape claim.", None), (76, "Valles Marineris is a 2,500-mile canyon.", "bodies", [], "Orbital imagery. Not a shape claim.", None), (78, "Martian soil is rich in perchlorates.", "bodies", [], "Phoenix lander wet chemistry (2008). Not a shape claim.", None), (79, "Mars has dust devils and global dust storms.", "bodies", [], "Global storms are visible in amateur telescopes: the 2018 storm hid the surface markings for weeks. Not a shape claim.", None), (80, "Mars has 38 % of Earth’s surface gravity.", "bodies", [], "Follows from its mass (from its moons’ orbits) and radius. Not a shape claim.", None), (4, "The solar system orbits the galactic centre at about 515,000 mph.", "cosmos", [], "Radio astrometry of the galactic centre. Not a shape claim.", "Reid & Brunthaler, “The proper motion of Sagittarius A*. II,” ApJ 616 (2004) 872."), (5, "A galactic year is 225–250 million years.", "cosmos", [], "Follows from #4 and the distance to the centre (#22). Not a shape claim.", None), (6, "The Sun bobs through the galactic plane.", "cosmos", [], "Stellar dynamics. Not a shape claim.", None), (7, "The ecliptic is tilted about 60° to the galactic plane.", "cosmos", [], "Checkable by eye on a dark night: the Milky Way crosses the zodiac at a steep angle. Not a shape claim.", None), (8, "The Sun orbits the solar system’s barycentre.", "cosmos", [], "A consequence of Newtonian gravity with Jupiter’s mass; seen directly in pulsar timing. Not a shape claim.", None), (9, "The Milky Way moves toward the Great Attractor and will merge with Andromeda.", "cosmos", [], "Proper-motion measurements of M31 with Hubble. Not a shape claim.", "van der Marel et al., “The M31 velocity vector. III. Future Milky Way–M31–M33 orbital evolution, merging, and fate of the Sun,” ApJ 753 (2012) 9."), (21, "The Milky Way is a barred spiral.", "cosmos", [], "Infrared star counts. Not a shape claim.", None), (22, "We are 26,000 light-years from the centre, in the Orion Spur.", "cosmos", [], "Radio parallax of masers. Not a shape claim.", "Reid et al., “Trigonometric parallaxes of high-mass star-forming regions,” ApJ 885 (2019) 131."), (23, "Sagittarius A* is a four-million-solar-mass black hole.", "cosmos", [], "Stellar orbits at the galactic centre, 2020 Nobel Prize. Not a shape claim.", "GRAVITY Collaboration, “Detection of the Schwarzschild precession in the orbit of the star S2,” A&A 636 (2020) L5."), (24, "The universe is 13.8 billion years old, the Milky Way 13.6.", "cosmos", [], "Cosmic microwave background fits and stellar ages. Not a shape claim.", None), (25, "The Milky Way grew by consuming dwarf galaxies.", "cosmos", [], "Gaia stellar streams. Not a shape claim.", None), (26, "Ninety per cent of the galaxy’s mass is dark matter.", "cosmos", [], "Rotation curves. An inference about missing mass, and the subject of live debate about its nature. Not a shape claim.", None), (27, "The galactic disc is warped.", "cosmos", [], "Gaia and HI surveys. Not a shape claim.", None), (28, "100–400 billion stars, most with planets.", "cosmos", [], "Star counts and Kepler statistics. Not a shape claim.", None), (29, "The Milky Way moves at 1.3 million mph relative to the microwave background.", "cosmos", [], "The CMB dipole, measured by COBE, WMAP and Planck. Not a shape claim.", "Planck Collaboration, “Planck 2018 results. I,” A&A 641 (2020) A1, §3 on the dipole."), (47, "Dark energy’s fate for the universe: heat death, Big Rip or Big Crunch.", "cosmos", [], "Explicitly conditional in the claim itself. Not a shape claim.", None), (60, "Dark matter is 27 % of the universe, ordinary matter 5 %.", "cosmos", [], "Planck cosmological parameters. Not a shape claim.", None), (62, "Dark matter outweighs visible matter six to one.", "cosmos", [], "Same source as #60. Not a shape claim.", None), (77, "Black holes: event horizons and time dilation.", "cosmos", [], "Event Horizon Telescope imagery and gravitational-wave ringdowns. Not a shape claim.", None), (95, "Supermassive black holes power quasars and jets.", "cosmos", [], "Radio and X-ray astronomy. Not a shape claim.", None), (99, "Dark energy is 68–70 % of the universe’s energy.", "cosmos", [], "Supernova distances and the CMB. Not a shape claim.", None), (40, "Parker Solar Probe is the fastest human-made object, at 430,000 mph.", "space", [], "Mission telemetry. Not assessed here.", None), (58, "NEOWISE catalogued 44,000 objects and 3,000 near-Earth asteroids.", "space", [], "Mission data; the catalogue itself is public through the Minor Planet Center. Not assessed here.", None), (59, "Voyager 1 reaches one light-day from Earth in 2026.", "space", [], "One light-day is 25.9 billion km (re-derived); the milestone is a matter of JPL’s tracking. Not assessed here.", None), (61, "Deep-space probes use gravity assists.", "space", [], "Orbital mechanics; the manoeuvre is standard. Not assessed here.", None), (63, "Aldrin used a pen to close a broken circuit-breaker.", "space", [], "Apollo 11 mission transcript and crew accounts. Not assessed here.", None), (64, "Lunar dust smelled of gunpowder.", "space", [], "Crew accounts. Not assessed here.", None), (65, "Ninety-six bags of waste were left on the Moon.", "space", [], "Mission records. Not assessed here.", None), (66, "The Moon’s sphere of influence.", "space", [], "Orbital mechanics; a definition more than a claim. Not assessed here.", None), (67, "The lunar module landed on a throttleable engine.", "space", [], "Engineering record. Not assessed here.", None), (68, "Lunar gravity meant only about 3,000 lb of thrust to hover.", "space", [], "Engineering record; the figure as stated is low for the landed mass. Not assessed here.", None), (69, "South Pole–Aitken is the largest lunar basin.", "space", [], "Orbital altimetry. Not assessed here.", None), (70, "Mons Huygens is the tallest lunar mountain.", "space", [], "Orbital altimetry; the Apennines are a fine sight near first quarter in any telescope. Not assessed here.", None), (71, "Permanently shadowed craters reach −246 °C.", "space", [], "Diviner radiometer. Not assessed here.", None), (72, "Polar craters hold water ice.", "space", [], "LCROSS impact plume and neutron spectroscopy. Not assessed here.", None), (73, "Impact gardening turns over the regolith.", "space", [], "Sample analysis. Not assessed here.", None), (74, "The Moon has a tenuous exosphere.", "space", [], "LADEE and ground-based sodium-tail imaging. Not assessed here.", None), (36, "Lunar regolith is jagged, abrasive glass and rock.", "space", [], "Returned-sample analysis. Not assessed here.", None), (81, "Over 200 spacewalks built the ISS.", "space", [], "Programme records. Not assessed here.", None), (82, "Canadarm2 walks along the station.", "space", [], "Programme records. Not assessed here.", None), (83, "The truss is 357 ft and the arrays add drag.", "space", [], "Programme records. Not assessed here.", None), (84, "Modules were added through 2021.", "space", [], "Programme records. Not assessed here.", None), (85, "ECLSS recycles 93 % of water.", "space", [], "Programme records. Not assessed here.", None), (86, "The ISS has a distinct smell.", "space", [], "Crew accounts. Not assessed here.", None), (87, "Fluid shift and dulled taste in microgravity.", "space", [], "Crew medicine. Not assessed here.", None), (89, "The ISS is a microbial living lab.", "space", [], "Programme science. Not assessed here.", None), (90, "Astronauts see cosmic-ray flashes.", "space", [], "Crew accounts since Apollo. Not assessed here.", None), (91, "Skin flakes float in microgravity.", "space", [], "Crew accounts. Not assessed here.", None), (92, "No laundry in space.", "space", [], "Programme records. Not assessed here.", None), (93, "The space toilet is a vacuum system.", "space", [], "Programme records. Not assessed here.", None), (94, "Astronauts exercise 2.5 hours a day.", "space", [], "Crew medicine. Not assessed here.", None), (96, "The ISS orbits at about 17,500 mph, once every 90 minutes, giving 16 sunrises a day.", "space", [], "Checkable from a garden: a visible pass crosses the sky in about six minutes, and near the zenith the station moves about one degree per second, which at 400 km altitude is 7.7 km/s (re-derived: 7.67 km/s, 92-minute period). Successive passes come about 90–95 minutes apart.", "NASA “Spot the Station” or heavens-above.com for pass predictions to the minute; time a pass against a stopwatch and compare."), (97, "Gravity at ISS altitude is 90 % of the surface value; the station is in free fall.", "space", ["balloon-curve"], "The 90 % follows from the inverse-square law at 6,771 km radius (re-derived: 88.5 %). Free fall is what the timed pass in #96 measures: the observed speed is the circular-orbit speed for that gravity. The book’s own QR 72 shows six minutes of it on a sounding rocket, and its coast time fits the inverse square.", "Same pass timing as #96; the circular-orbit speed √(GM/r) with GM = 3.986 × 1014 m³/s² from JPL’s astrodynamic parameters."), (98, "Atmospheric drag slows the ISS; it needs periodic reboosts.", "space", [], "Visible in the public orbital elements: the station’s altitude decays by tens of metres a day between reboosts, and the reboosts show as steps. Anyone can plot it.", "Two-line elements from CelesTrak (NORAD 25544); the mean-motion history over a year shows the decay and the steps."), (100, "Tissue chips are tested on the ISS.", "space", [], "Programme science. Not assessed here.", None), (101, "MISSE exposes materials outside the station.", "space", [], "Programme science. Not assessed here.", None), (102, "The Cold Atom Lab makes Bose–Einstein condensates in orbit.", "space", [], "Programme science. Not assessed here.", None), (103, "The AMS has recorded 235 billion cosmic-ray events.", "space", [], "Programme science. Not assessed here.", None), ] # Structural items bear on a model -- the shape of the Earth, the heliocentric arrangement, the # standard cosmological picture -- so their evidence is evidence about the model. Every other item # is particular: a fact about one object (this asteroid has a moon, that crater is cold) which no # model stands or falls on, however well attested. STRUCTURAL = { 1, 3, 12, 13, 14, 45, 46, 48, # earth 2, 10, 11, 15, 18, 19, 20, 30, 31, 34, 35, 39, 41, # helio 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 47, 60, 62, 77, 95, 99, # cosmos 61, 66, 96, 97, 98, # space: orbital mechanics, observable } def kind(n): return "structural" if n in STRUCTURAL else "particular" def validate(): ns = sorted(n for n, *_ in B) expected = [n for n in range(1, 104) if n != 88] assert ns == expected, f"numbering: missing {sorted(set(expected) - set(ns))}, extra {sorted(set(ns) - set(expected))}" assert STRUCTURAL <= set(ns), sorted(STRUCTURAL - set(ns)) for n, _, g, pages, check, ref in B: assert g in GROUPS, (n, g) for p in pages: assert p in PAGES and os.path.isdir(os.path.join(ROOT, "docs", p)), (n, p) for _, _, pages, _, _, _ in TEAM_A: for p in pages: assert p in PAGES and os.path.isdir(os.path.join(ROOT, "docs", p)), p def counts(): return {g: sum(1 for _, _, gg, *_ in B if gg == g) for g in GROUPS} def chip(cls, text): return f'{text}' def page_links(pages, chips=False): if not chips: return ", ".join(f'{PAGES[p][0]}' for p in pages) return "
".join((chip(PAGES[p][1], PAGES[p][2]) if PAGES[p][1] else "") + f'{PAGES[p][0]}' for p in pages) def team_a_html(): o = [''] for lab, text, pages, vtext, vcls, note in TEAM_A: o.append(f'' f'') o.append("
His claimWhat it saysAnswered onVerdict
{lab}{text}
{note}		{page_links(pages) or "—"}{chip(vcls, vtext)}
") return "\n".join(o) def team_b_html(): o = [] for g, (head, desc) in GROUPS.items(): rows = [r for r in B if r[2] == g] o.append(f'

{head} {len(rows)} of {len(B)}

') o.append(f'

{desc}

') o.append('') for n, text, _, pages, check, ref in rows: where = page_links(pages, chips=True) if pages else 'no page: not a shape claim' cell = check + (f'
{ref}' if ref else "") o.append(f'') o.append("
#His claim, in shortTypeWhere this site answers itWhat a reader can check, and where the evidence is
#{n}{text}{kind(n)}{where}{cell}
") return "\n".join(o) def summary_html(): c = counts() with_page = sum(1 for r in B if r[3]) checkable = sum(1 for r in B if r[5]) o = [''] for g, (head, _) in GROUPS.items(): rows = [r for r in B if r[2] == g] o.append(f'') o.append(f'') o.append("
GroupItemsStructuralAnswered on a page here
{head}{len(rows)}{sum(1 for r in rows if r[0] in STRUCTURAL)}{sum(1 for r in rows if r[3])}
All{len(B)}{len(STRUCTURAL)}{with_page}
") return "\n".join(o) def inject(html, key, body): pat = re.compile(rf"().*?()", re.S) assert pat.search(html), key return pat.sub(lambda m: m.group(1) + "\n" + body + "\n" + m.group(2), html) def main(): validate() if "--check" in sys.argv: for g, n in counts().items(): print(f"{g:8s} {n}") print("total", len(B), "structural", len(STRUCTURAL), "with page", sum(1 for r in B if r[3]), "with reference", sum(1 for r in B if r[5])) for g in GROUPS: print(" ", g, "structural", sum(1 for r in B if r[2] == g and r[0] in STRUCTURAL)) return html = open(PAGE, encoding="utf-8").read() html = inject(html, "A", team_a_html()) html = inject(html, "SUMMARY", summary_html()) html = inject(html, "B", team_b_html()) open(PAGE, "w", encoding="utf-8").write(html) print("wrote", os.path.relpath(PAGE, ROOT), counts()) if __name__ == "__main__": main()